Diode Limiter

The diode limiter also called Clipper as it is used to limit the input voltage.when the positive cycle of the input wave comes, the diode becomes forward biased (fig. 2). As the cathode now at zero volts 0 v,the anode cannot exceed 0.07 volts assuming diode is a silicon diode.

So it limited to 0.7 volts as positive cycles comes from input voltage.When negative cycle comes the diode become reverse biased and at the output load we only get the negative cycle with clipped positive cycle.

And if we put the diode in reverse we will get the positive cycle with the clipped negative cycle
as shown below in the figure.





Figure 1: Shows the input
Figure 2: positive cycle clipped.
Figure 3: Negative cycle clipped.
Figure 4: Both the positive and negatice cycles are clipped. Read More!

Full Wave Rectification

A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output. Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform to DC (direct current), and is more efficient.

Full wave rectification:





The positive half cycle:

During the positive half cycle of the supply, diodes D1 and D2 conduct in series while diodes D3 and D4 are reverse biased and the current flows through the load as shown below








The negative half cycle:

During the negative half cycle of the supply, diodes D3 and D4 conduct in series, but diodes D1 and D2 switch of as they are now reverse biased. The current flowing through the load is the same direction as before.



Full wave rectification for smoothing DC:

With the full wave rectification we get the pulsating DC with the ripples.For smooth DC we use capacitors to remove ripples.





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Kirchhoff's Voltage Law

What is loop?
A loop is any path that goes from node to node and returns to the starting node, passing only once through each node.

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law:

The sum of the voltage drops around any loop equals the sum of the voltage rises.

or

The algebraic sum of all voltage drops around any loop equals zero.

Mathematically,

v1 + v2 + v3 + v4 = 0
or

Parallel Connection:
Two or more elements are in parallel when their terminals are connected to the same pair of nodes.

Also that elements in parallel have the same voltage across each one of them.




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Kirchhoff's Current Law

what is node?

A node is any connection point of two or more circuit elements.

Kirchoff's current law:

The sum of the currents leaving any node equals the sum of the currents entering that node.

or

The algebraic sum of all currents into any node equals zero.

mathematically,

i1 + i4 = i2 + i3

or

Series Connection:
Two or more elements are in series when each node connects just two elements.

Also that elements in series carry the same current.SCYT328STX6Y Read More!