Permanent magnetic materials

In a permanent magnet a material is used that exhibits magnetism even in the absence of a current-carrying coil. The silicon-iron and nickel-iron alloys are ‘soft’ magnetic materials and possess high permeability & have low hysteresis loss. The converse characteristics are necessary in the ‘hard’ materials that are used for making permanent magnets. In permanent magnets, high remanent flux density & high coercive force, after magnetization to saturation, are often required for the purpose of resisting de-magnetization. The hysteresis loop should be able to embrace the maximum possible area.

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