Power Systems Steady-State Analysis

In steady-state analysis of power systems, any transients from disturbances are considered to have settled down, and the system state is considered as unchanging. Particularly, system loads including transmission system losses, are closely matched with power generation so that the system frequency is becomes constant.

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Description and Use of Transformers

A transformer is a static device and it is commonly used all over the world for transforming electric energy from one circuit to another magnetically (that is, by induction rather than by way of conduction). usually, this transformation is accomplished b/w circuits of different voltages but having same frequency

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State-Space System Realization SSSR

System realization is a method to find out an internal state-space description for a system given with an external description, normally its TFM or impulse response.

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Objectives of Power System and Operation and Control

The main objective of power system operation is providing  power to consumers meeting strict tolerances on voltage magnitude and frequency. consequently,

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Equivalent distributed Circuit

We can easily symbolized TEM mode in a transmission line by the equivalent circuit, shown in dia4.7 below, for a length Az. Physically, it is said to be  distributed circuit because the circuit parts are not lumped at separate locations as in a conventional low-frequency circuit rather they are distributed uniformly along the length of the line. Thus, we can define the elements on per-unit-length basis.

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Metal-Oxide-Silicon Capacitor

The metal-oxide-silicon (MOS) capacitor locates in the center of the complementary metal-oxide-silicon (CMOS) technology. MOSFETs place reliance on the very high quality of the interface between SiO2, the standard gate dielectric, and silicon (Si). This tutorials provides the detailed understanding of the MOS capacitor which is helpful in understanding the MOSFETs

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Electronic Filters

In electronics the Electrical filters are circuits that are designed to shape the magnitude as well as the phase spectrum of an input signal in order to generate a desired response at the output.

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Electron and Hole Velocities and Mobilities

The Electrons and holes performs a chaotic random thermal motion. The average kinetic energy of thermal motion per one electron is given by

3kBT/2

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State Variables for Electrical Circuits

As we know that only capacitors and inductors are capable of storing energy in a circuit, and so only the variables related with them are able to place some influence the future condition of the circuit. The voltages from corner to corner of the capacitors and the currents through the inductors may serve as state variables.

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Variable Speed Drives

INTRODUCTION

Variable speed drives are very useful in conjunction with supply &return fans & cooling tower fans, In addition to this these are also very helpful in virtually any type of centrifugal pump. In addition, centrifugal chillers are a leading applications. Engineers consider Speed Control and recognize such systems primarily for its energy savings benefits.

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Types of Multivibrators

The Multivibrator circuits are classified in 3 general categories.

1-       Astable multivibrators.

 Astable multivibrators circuits contain no stable state but still keep changing from one state to the other, and so the named as multivibrator. There useful application is as clocks or oscillators. These are also used as a 555 as an astable multivibrator.

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