Frequency Domain Curve-Fitting FDCF


Frequency domain curve-fitting is useful technique to fit a TFM very close into the observed FRF data. FDCF is a two-step procedure, which includes the model structure selection and model parameter optimization.
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Direct Current Density


Current is known as the flow of charge. By inheritance, the direction of this flow is with the movement of positive charge. The amount of charge δQ flowing through (that is, perpendicular) to a surface, in time δt is given by the formula
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Structure and Working Liquid-Filled Transformers


A liquid-immersed transformer is composed of a magnetic core and coil assembly immersed in a fluid, which is normally a mineral oil. The fluid must have firslty good heat transfer characteristics and secondly electrical insulating characteristics.
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Power Systems Steady-State Analysis


In steady-state analysis of power systems, any transients from disturbances are considered to have settled down, and the system state is considered as unchanging. Particularly, system loads including transmission system losses, are closely matched with power generation so that the system frequency is becomes constant.
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Description and Use of Transformers


A transformer is a static device and it is commonly used all over the world for transforming electric energy from one circuit to another magnetically (that is, by induction rather than by way of conduction). usually, this transformation is accomplished b/w circuits of different voltages but having same frequency
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State-Space System Realization SSSR



System realization is a method to find out an internal state-space description for a system given with an external description, normally its TFM or impulse response.
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Objectives of Power System and Operation and Control


The main objective of power system operation is providing  power to consumers meeting strict tolerances on voltage magnitude and frequency. consequently,
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Equivalent distributed Circuit


We can easily symbolized TEM mode in a transmission line by the equivalent circuit, shown in dia4.7 below, for a length Az. Physically, it is said to be  distributed circuit because the circuit parts are not lumped at separate locations as in a conventional low-frequency circuit rather they are distributed uniformly along the length of the line. Thus, we can define the elements on per-unit-length basis.
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Metal-Oxide-Silicon Capacitor


The metal-oxide-silicon (MOS) capacitor locates in the center of the complementary metal-oxide-silicon (CMOS) technology. MOSFETs place reliance on the very high quality of the interface between SiO2, the standard gate dielectric, and silicon (Si). This tutorials provides the detailed understanding of the MOS capacitor which is helpful in understanding the MOSFETs
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Electronic Filters


In electronics the Electrical filters are circuits that are designed to shape the magnitude as well as the phase spectrum of an input signal in order to generate a desired response at the output.
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Electron and Hole Velocities and Mobilities



The Electrons and holes performs a chaotic random thermal motion. The average kinetic energy of thermal motion per one electron is given by

3kBT/2
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State Variables for Electrical Circuits


As we know that only capacitors and inductors are capable of storing energy in a circuit, and so only the variables related with them are able to place some influence the future condition of the circuit. The voltages from corner to corner of the capacitors and the currents through the inductors may serve as state variables.
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